Rational sciences, especially within the Islamic and philosophical context, are considered a crucial pillar for gaining a deeper understanding of ontological, epistemological, and ethical concepts. Simply put, rational sciences involve intellectual efforts to understand phenomena and events, with an emphasis on reasoning and conceptual analysis. These sciences are discussed in fields such as philosophy, theology, logic, and even ethics, and they play an essential role in strengthening intellectual and rational abilities.
Studying rational sciences requires adherence to specific principles and methods that can help students better understand these sciences. In this note, some of the most important requirements for the method of studying these sciences are discussed.
1. Choosing Reliable Sources
One of the first and most important steps in the path of studying rational sciences is selecting reliable and authentic sources. Rational sciences, especially philosophy and logic, include discussions that have a history of thousands of years. Therefore, numerous books have been written in these fields, but not all of them are equally credible. Hence, it is essential to study the primary and authentic sources, such as the works of great philosophers like Avicenna, Al-Farabi, Mulla Sadra, and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.
2. Mastery of Basic Concepts
Every science has its principles and foundations, and a deeper understanding of that science depends on mastery of these basics. In rational sciences, concepts such as existence, essence, cause and effect, motion, and time are of great importance. To delve into more advanced philosophical discussions, it is necessary for students to first become thoroughly familiar with and understand these concepts. Without this initial familiarity, entering into advanced discussions may lead to confusion and a lack of proper understanding.
3. Strengthening Reasoning and Analytical Skills
Rational sciences are built on reasoning and conceptual analysis. Therefore, students must strengthen their ability to engage in logical reasoning and analytical thinking. One effective way to achieve this is by studying logical texts and becoming familiar with the rules of reasoning. Logic, as the tool and foundation of rational thinking, helps students avoid common errors in reasoning and reach more accurate conclusions in analyzing philosophical issues.
4. Utilizing Comparative Methods
One of the effective methods in studying rational sciences is comparing and contrasting different theories. In many cases, different philosophers have offered varying perspectives on the same issue. Comparative study of these theories and examining the reasoning behind each can lead to a deeper understanding of the topics. For example, comparing the theories of Avicenna and Mulla Sadra on the issue of existence helps students grasp the various aspects of this topic and benefit from the reasoning of each.
5. Attention to the Historical Dimension of Rational Sciences
Rational sciences have undergone many transformations throughout history, and understanding these changes can aid in a better comprehension of these sciences. For example, Islamic philosophy has been influenced by philosophers such as Plato, Aristotle, and the Neoplatonists during different historical periods. Understanding these historical influences helps students uncover the roots and foundations of rational sciences and develop a more comprehensive perspective on them.
6. A Critical and Inquisitive Approach
Studying rational sciences is not limited to accepting and memorizing content; rather, it should be accompanied by a critical and inquisitive approach. Students must be able to critique and evaluate any theory from various angles. This questioning and critique can lead to the creation and development of new theories and guide students from passive to active and creative learning in these sciences.
7. Interaction with Professors and Scholars
One of the effective ways to learn rational sciences is through interaction and discussion with professors and experts. Engaging in discussions about philosophical and logical issues with those who have more experience and knowledge can help clarify complex matters. Moreover, these interactions help strengthen students' reasoning and analytical skills.
8. Studying Contemporary Works
Despite the importance of studying classical works and primary sources, students should not neglect the study of contemporary works. Modern philosophers and thinkers have also offered new theories in response to contemporary challenges and issues. Studying these works and comparing them with classical theories can help students develop a more comprehensive understanding of rational sciences and apply these sciences to new problems.
9. Utilizing New Technologies
Today, with advancements in technology, new opportunities for study and research have emerged. Students of rational sciences can take advantage of these tools, such as study software, databases, and academic articles, to expand their knowledge. These tools help students access a wider range of resources and conduct more precise research.
10. Continuous Reflection and Thought
Studying rational sciences requires constant reflection and contemplation. Students should not be content with superficial study; rather, they must engage in deeper contemplation of issues to gain a more profound understanding. This deep reflection can be achieved through continuous study, thoughtful consideration of concepts, and discussion with others.
Studying rational sciences necessitates adhering to a set of principles and methods that help students achieve a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of these sciences. Selecting reliable sources, mastering basic concepts, strengthening reasoning and analytical skills, comparative study, and interaction with professors and scholars are among the essential requirements on this path.
